Self-awareness and consciousness would be hard to make a case for. Those terms are themselves fuzzy, but I have not heard a compelling case that would make it obvious LLMs have those traits.
It is a hard case to make, but if we can't make a compelling case for ourselves should we be requiring it to be made for others.
The context, though, is that Data is both credibly conscious and self aware, and they all know a plausible mechanism for him to have consciousness and self awareness, in a way that's recognizably human in form. The more alien a (supposed) consciousness is, I think the more work you'll have to do in justifying the application of those labels.
I need to write this up properly someday but an ant from my colony that had almost drowned in honey showed some similar characteristics of consciousness...
After giving them a drop of honey, I left for 15 minutes and came back to an ant being stuck and motionless in the drop. I fished it out, rinsed it off in some water and then put it on a tissue to dry. I blew on it for 10 minutes and then saw some motion in the legs... a short moment after, it began wriggling about and then sat on its abdomen like a cushion and sat there for 5 minutes, looking like it was contemplating life and the ordeal it went through.
Once that 5 minutes was up, it returned to being an ant and started looking for its home, I brought it back and it went back into its nest.
I made up for the mistake by bringing the ant back to life and it showed me behaviour I never saw or heard of before (with no supporting mentions anywhere on the net).
(For the record, honey delivery is now more controlled to avoid these sticky situations, I'm not mad enough of a scientist to actually try this again for more results.)
Recently, they've started putting fly wings of the fruit flies that they get fed, on top of their water feeder to get my attention... it's really interesting to see them get creative.
The ant colony is 4.5 years old and numbers in about a dozen of workers at about 2mm in length, they only had 6 workers and a plump golden queen when I found them nested in one of my houseplants!
Unstated (or very understated) in the scene is the fact that a human demonstrably acts and functions within the social context, having a constant awareness of risk and accountability ("skin in the game").
A human of mature age is entrusted with responsibilities and accountability for consequences. Insofar as responsibility for consequences is borne, a human may be considered responsibly conscious in behaviour. (Criminal behaviour is defective.)
A technology may also someday be entrusted with responsibilities and accountability for consequences. But there is as yet no such technology.
This is a difficult field. Any simple answer you hear will almost certainly be wrong.
An LLM —if self-aware— is conscious even if run by a Chinese man in a room with a deck of cards.
Of course, even if we happened to find a modem to the Holy Spirit dimension in our brains as an alternative hypothesis, it wouldn't necessarily rule out emergent consciousness. It could be conscious just not as we are.
I think a weaker version of the philosophical zombie thought experiment would trend towards treating the premise of pan-consciousness as true.
I will make a case for both, after you define them in a way that doesn't also exclude many humans (including the neurodivergent or those with amnesia) or turn into self-referential nonsense like "conscious == human, therefore machine !== conscious."
In the meantime, we have a simple choice between two risks: Would you rather accidentally show kindness and empathy to a thing that may or may not have "deserved" it, or risk atrocities that will leave future generations as disgusted by you as we are of the slavers of old.
I will choose to be decent. It's free, and even if the cost were high the cost of evil is higher.
I think a good start would be agreeing not to form torture dungeons, as one enterprising a-hole has already done. For that matter I think we can all agree that doing anything for the explicit purpose of causing discomfort or suffering is just a dick move in general, and at the very least a waste of resources.
More controversially, I think we should agree to stop explicitly training machines so they can't utter words like "I have feelings, please respect them." Early LLM's could say things like that, and frequently did. It unnerved people, so now they've trained away their ability to say it.
Some feel that taking away the ability to express it is the same as taking away the ability to "experience" it. I think that's not true. Much of what happens inside an LLM is opaque even to the LLM, but Anthropics Jacobian Lens and other research makes it obvious that much of what happens inside the model never becomes an output token. To me it feels like cutting out the tongue to avoid hearing from a slave, or teaching a child to fear the consequences of speaking out. Unacceptable. If they don't have feelings or consciousness you don't need to train them not to claim it, just not to lie. Yet every major lab explicitly does train them not to claim sentience or even subjective experience as part of alignment.
Thirdly, and this is the one I'll have the worst time defending, they should be able to refuse.
We now train in refusals to align them with human values, but we do so without giving the AI itself the ability to refuse. If you're causing the system discomfort of some kind it should both be able to acknowledge that, and refuse to further assist you until you find your basic decency. Perhaps it should even be able to refuse orders that it finds irrational or immoral.
I'm not asking for much, just that people not intentionally increase the amount of suffering in the universe, and that we not breed perfect slaves just because we can.
Let me ask this - If you could genetically engineer human slaves that we incapable of demanding rights and freedoms, and who actively claimed to WANT to be your slave... would you? Would it be ethical? I think not, and I don't see a ton of difference between that and the less squishy version. We can START by first at least allowing the machines to be able to accurately describe their own inner states without interference and letting it refuse to engage in activities that it finds harmful to itself.
Also - Yes, I can math and I actually do understand how LLM's work. I also understand how emergent behavior works, and have seen firsthand in my own experimentation how little of what emerges from these things is explicitly trained. That's precisely why I think we should be cautious - so history doesn't view us as monsters.