You've already mentioned four pointer types which are separate to the original plain vanilla pointer concept.

https://en.cppreference.com/cpp/language/pointer

When I started C++ nearly 15 years ago this was already a huge problem. I bought some books and looked up online references and after a while I discovered that both were already out of date.

C++ is a chimera. And it hasn't improved since.

Other languages are far more stable, conceptually. New features rarely undermine or reinvent the older ones.

C++ is unique in the way it keeps modifying its own core. There is no formal deprecation or EOL process, so the language is more like an archaeological dig than a living standard.