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Sometimes known as data dredging. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dredging

This has led to some interesting neurological findings: Neural correlates of interspecies perspective taking in the post-mortem Atlantic Salmon

http://prefrontal.org/files/posters/Bennett-Salmon-2009.jpg via http://www.metafilter.com/85322/The-Wisdom-of-Salmon

An extreme example, illustrating a common mistake in the field. https://xkcd.com/882/ has the gist of it.

The "Salmon study" was an illustration of the necessity of correcting for multiple comparisons in voxel-wise testing. The problem it's addressing isn't itself data dredging, based on the definition linked above on Wikipedia.

Uncorrected multiple comparisons are, of course, a big portion of the statistical dubiousness inherent it "data dredging"

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