- all the devices/bitstream formats are proprietary with little or no documentation of the logic blocks or programmable interconnect structures. it is probably technically easier to build a new FPGA from scratch and design tools for that, than to reverse engineer existing chips [1]
- there is very little cross-compatibility between vendor products (a 4-lut here, a 6-lut there, some carry-chain logic here, a DSP block there)
- all the optimizations (synthesis, place-and-route) are NP-hard problems
- sequential imperative (C-like) thinking is not the correct way to make parallel systems
- the FPGA vendors compete on tools and offer their software for free to push hardware. hard for an independent vendor to compete.
[1] some reverse engineering efforts exist. see "From the bitstream to the netlist" http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.117... / http://code.google.com/p/debit/