It seems to me that Go is incredibly crappy for writing in a functional style. Have a look at Rust if that's what you're after.
It's a really small library that was made in response to my own intuition (similar to yours) that the Go standard library wasn't really embracing a functional style. I haven't used it in any major projects but for small one-off things it's proved pretty useful. It basically works like pipes on the command line.