As much as people would like this to refute capitalism and standard economic models, it really just confirms that the models are incomplete and can be updated with continuing research in to human behavior.
1) What are the specific claims of capitalism that actually could be refuted by evidence?
2) Is there any evidence that does seem to refute those claims in any way?
3) Where would we most likely find evidence that the claims were innacurate?
I think the main thing that confuses me is that, from a layman's perspective, we just seem to adapt our picture of what capitalism includes every time something new comes along.
Model refinement is great in principle, but where is the proof that the basic theory is actually correct? There are such a terrifying number of confounding variables...
To use an example from my own field: when ocean models get to a high enough resolution you start seeing a lot of mesoscale eddies. It turns out they are really important in all sorts of processes, and their effects can feed back to larger scales.
For us it's not too bad; running models at sufficient resolution is expensive, but we can use higher-resolution runs to parameterise lower-resolution ones (and better comprehend our ignorance when that doesn't work). My point is that without a pretty good understanding of those fine-scale dynamics you can miss important things in the bigger picture, and I suggest that the economy-society coupled system has many more horrible to understand feedbacks than the ocean-atmosphere system.
Thanks in advance to you, or anyone else who takes the time to answer.
Specifically you could refute the efficiency of a free market reaching an equilibrium price (one that maximizes total surplus for buyers and sellers). However the experimental data suggests precisely the opposite, even in monopoly markets (double auction, perfect information) when tested in laboratory experiments.
Many issues people think they have with capitalism are actually the result of a system that definitely does NOT inherently take in to account all hidden costs. This is often used by government officials to make policy decisions that add costs or incentives to a market to correctly account for all factors (environmental, public good preservation, etc.).
Hope this is helpful!
Isn't that the rub?
Which definition of capitalism is this? I believe the core of capitalism is private ownership of means of production, not merely ownership of goods? Communism doesn't eschew all private ownership (this is a common misconception). Communal/worker ownership of factories, farms and housing are core tenets -- but not necessarily communal ownership of all goods (eg: clothing, computers, tvs and radios etc).
1) Is my interpretation correct?
2) How significant are the effects of the hidden costs on the (pricing) predictions of the basic theory? (see Note A)
3) How significant are the impacts of the hidden costs (beyond pricing failures)? (see Note B)
My particular concern is that the basic ideas are 'obviously true', and are used to justify all sorts of policies that have real impacts on people's lives, such as unemployment. Personally, and from an ethical point of view, I would rather trade higher efficiency for a 'smoother' economy that minimises unpredictable downturns in individuals' economic fortunes.
I'm also still struggling to see how informative the basic theory really is - I can only see that to understand any novel situation you need to do a whole load of research into all the potential confounding factors.
Thanks for replying!
Note A: If the basic theory provides the first order signal for enough real-world situations, then we could, again to first order, ignore the impacts of the hidden costs. If that is not the case then it seems to me that the basic theory must be incomplete, because to understand the real signal you need to understand the hidden costs.
Note B: If the impacts are generally small, then again we could probably largely ignore hidden costs, but if they are large (which they definitely are in some cases, for example the Deepwater Horizon spill) then surely understanding the hidden costs becomes crucial, which in turn lessens the value of the basic theory.
2) It 100% depends on the good. When you consider species of fish that were driven to extinction by overfishing, there was a significant societal cost that was paid since we completely eliminated that species.
3) Same as point two, the costs and impacts are inseparably linked, since a perfect system would perfectly build in the "cost" of the "impact."
Is this what you are asking?
Would you agree that, by virtue of the answers you have given, market theory is almost useless? It seems to suffer from two fatal flaws:
1) You might require a very complete understanding of a particular economic system for market theory to make any useful predictions about it.
2) You can never be sure that you have characterised enough of a given system to make a useful prediction about it (unless you characterise the whole thing, which in practical terms is impossible).
Of course we can make (very) educated analyses of any particular situation, and end up with good confidence, but the theory itself doesn't tell us that we are right. So we can never be sure that we aren't just being misled; we can't use the theory to cheaply verify someone's suggestions, we have to go through all of their work to make sure they aren't trying to pull a fast one.
Thanks for your time, even if you don't reply to this one, and good luck with your classes!