Social Security Numbering System Vulnerable to Fraud, Researchers Say
nytimes.com
nytimes.com
http://www.ehow.com/how_4447446_block-companies-checking-cre...
Here in my country we do have a unique number for each person, but knowing it is pretty useless by itself.
Edit: Don't Americans use their driver's license as a form of ID?
Also you can get a state ID card if you're not licensed to drive, with generally similar ID requirements. But they may vary by state.