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the OP is talking about nowadays US, so no Rockefeller, Ford and friends.

As it's difficult to compare richness through history I was focusing on relative power. Can someone challenge US now? yes: Russia, China, Europe. Some past empires didn't have any counterpart because they were too powerful for anyone.

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China or Europe can challenge America? The Chinese can barely float a carrier and have only a few nukes. Europe depends of the USA for most of its defense. Russia counts, since this is the nuclear age with MAD and all, but it hardly counts if it's suicide.

Economically, china is still not into high income yet, while Russia is stuck in a natural resources trap with lots of corruption. Europe is quite fine though.

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