Blue Screen of Death Survival Guide: Every Error Explained
maximumpc.com
maximumpc.com
One thing that I didn't really see covered is identifying problem components/drivers. For that, you can either follow the assorted online instructions for debugging memory dumps, or you can simply use Nir Sofer's Blue Screen View from http://nirsoft.net/utils/blue_screen_view.html - it's much simpler.
And it's probably worth checking whether your Windows boxen are configured for full memory dumps or minidumps - most of the time you want minidumps which will keep multiple versions taking very little space. Most folks reading HN probably don't need 8+GB full memory dumps if their Windows boxes crash.
The Maximum PC article seems to be a reasonable troubleshooting guide from the brief look I had. In my experience mystery computer problems are (in rough order, not limited to Windows, YMMV) memory, power supply, physical problems (connectors, etc), and drivers.