(This isn't meant to contradict your point—you were obviously using an arbitrary example—just thought you should know).
If anyone's aware of how, I'd like to know how to do this in Safari web inspector.
Try it out: Specify a font not on your system. Chrome will show you that font while Firefox will tell you what fallback is being uses.
Chrome will show the truly rendered font from your system - the full name, even (i.e. Verdana Italic).
I've taken a quick screen capture, where I've followed your steps by requesting a non-existent font and causing Chrome to fall back:
http://i.imgur.com/C6IJyF6.png
FYI, I'm using Chrome on OS X..
Version 38.0.2107.3 dev (64-bit)https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/editthiscookie/fng...
Granted, it's not an actual panel in the toolbox, but it gets the job done.