The Mindful Brain: Cortical Organization, Theory of Higher Brain Function (1978) [pdf]

Here is an interesting talk by Jeff Hawkins - http://www.ted.com/talks/jeff_hawkins_on_how_brain_science_w...

For anybody who hasn't, I strongly suggest reading On Intelligence, even if you don't agree with all his views. Hawkins does a fantastic job presenting his framework in an understandable way, and once you finish reading it, you definitely feel like you could code up some simations yourself.

If you have read the book, and are interested in tracking his progress, check out Numenta. They released a product based on his hierarchical temporal memory. There's a spinoff company named Vicarious with Dileep George, one of the minds behind the HTM implementation, but they've been pretty hush-hush about their progress.