IMO these features made it more productive than C++ or Pascal for developing GUI-based applications.
The whole point is moot though, because Swift is the future. It's quite amusing seeing the Objective-C community trying to reconcile their irrational love of the language with the reality that Apple communicated - it's a disadvantage for the platform, keeping developers away with its unusual syntax, lack of safety and overcomplicated paradigms.
Late binding is deciding at runtime the real implementation of a method to be called, which in C++ is done at via virtual method calls.
What you are describing is actually an example dynamic types and reflection.
In C++'s case, there are plenty of reflection libraries to choose from.