Speaking of Maven - `go build` normalizes build systems so there is less time twiddling builds. It's not a silver bullet, but it's specifically intended for large systems.
Go's strong decisions around formatting (`go fmt`) are another example of planning for enterprise-size. There is no need for a style guide for go programs - it's built into the language, and with an approach that feels less pedantic than Python.
Go isn't perfect, but it's certainly designed for large-scale systems.
I agree with you that the JVM languages have better large-scale system support currently (20 years does give you something) -- but Go's goal is not dissimilar to the one Java eventually settled on after the applet craze.
Contrary to what you've seen, Go seems (to me) to be a go-to language for new companies principally concerned with distributed systems / cloud infrastructure (particularly those that once might have hired a hybrid of C and scripting language devs). One of the trends in those communities is toward microservices / SOA / etc, but the total codebases managed are certainly enterprise-scale.
All that said I have absolutely no significant opinions on Go vs Rust :) Just had to take issue with the "go is not enterprise scale" idea.