Current fiat monetary systems are not based on 'what the world ow[e]s you'. Money is only a token of a debt an individual or group of individuals has with a legally sanctioned and central bank blessed commercial bank.
At the moment money is a rather contorted and easily manipulable proxy for deservingness though which is the cause of a lot, if not the majority, of the world's troubles.
There's no technical reason though why we couldn't for example determine deservingness through interpersonal distribution of value; like PageRank but for people.