It's not as facile as 'lock your doors' -- instead just not answering when they knock.
a robots.txt that forbids a particular spider from accessing the content.
This assumes that the spider does respect the robots.txt, which googlebot does.
I don't know. I'd imagine that there isn't a law specifically written for robots.txt and scraping.
If a case went to court I'd imagine it would be settled based on laws meant for things like "keep out" and "No trespassing" signs:)
Currently, it gets used for more than "deny/allow all" - it is selective. If I have to worry about stuff I don't want indexed being indexed, then I'm going to block all crawling. Yes, I know that wouldn't be easy, but I wouldn't be alone in my sentiment.
Imagine if Google search results just had a bunch of links that said, "link 1", "link 2", etc instead of the title and summary of the page.
If NewsCorp, NYTimesCo, WashingtonPost, ComcastNBC, etc. are unified against the idea of indexing-as-fair-use, and if (for business strategic reasons), the deep-pocketed MSFT and Google decide they can live with paying-for-permission (as a useful barrier to upstarts), who will prove the case in the courts or legislature?