In C#, there's a lot more issues though with val vs ref. The CLR JIT had some serious issues with structs. OTOH, there still is no way to stackalloc reference types, so in many cases you're forced to use structs so you can get decent performance. But I've zero formal training, and I've never found val vs ref particularly confusing. Though I did wonder why VB needed ByVal at all; couldn't it all be done ByRef?

But wow, this post... I've no idea how he came to the conclusion structs=functional. He just sorta dives into it? If you aren't sure on something, why not read up a bit more? Guess C is a really functional language since it's got structs everywhere.