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bArray

7,479 karma · joined March 14, 2016

Why jump in one pond when you can dip your foot in many?
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bArray··on Gov.uk has replaced Stripe with Dutch provider Adyen
> Adyen will take over GOV.UK Pay card payments for local authorities, police forces and armed forces units from Stripe, as well as pay by bank services, under a three-year contract worth up to £25.3 million.

I would prefer they take this money and either build a payment processor or use an existing UK company. The UK government is addicted to offshoring all contracts it can, and then is surprised when the cheapest possible quote actually ends up ballooning over the agreed amount.

bArray··on Astronauts told to return to ISS after sheltering over air leak repairs
This is the right answer - if it goes wrong they are already placed in the escape vehicle, sitting in their space suits.
bArray··on Chuwi Minibook X
> Keyboard is terrible – it only registers keystrokes when you hit the exact center of each key.

I wish laptop manufacturers would pay more attention to this. I'm stuck using older laptops because modern laptops can't reliably pick up keystrokes.

bArray··on Confidence Scores for Exam Questions
Maybe it is typical only for me. I did question it and was told that we don't want to completely remove the incentive for educated guessing. We also usually have a scale of question difficulty, so getting people to a pass is not too difficult if they know the subject at all, but getting towards 100% gets significantly harder.

I think the real reason is that our questions are usually N=4, negative marks of 0.25 allows for quick adding.

bArray··on Confidence Scores for Exam Questions
Typically you have -1/N for incorrect selection, where N is the number of choices. For N=4, you would grade incorrect answers as -0.25.

If you have a person taking an exam that is not confident in themselves or generally knows the subject area, you don't want to negatively impact educated guessing.

bArray··on Embedded Rust or C Firmware? Lessons from an Industrial Microcontroller Use Case
> Yes. The goal was to handle the maximum data rate of the used sensor, and stop there. Time was limited on both ends.

I understand, and I understand that there were limits to what could be done with the resources there were. What irks me is the strength of the claim made without enough evidence to make it.

> The ST intern found those boosts all by himself. They compared the exact MCU & peripheral initialization of the C and Rust firmwares, tightened I2C timings (where STM Cube has vendor tuned & qualified values), and enabled the MCU's instruction cache, which somehow is not default in Embassy's HAL. We were quite impressed actually, the last days before the deadline were quite productive, optimization wise.

Fair enough, hats off to the intern. This kind of thing is common in MCUs, even on low-end CPUs weird defaults can be selected. But the involvement and influence of the OS developers remains unclear.

Again, there's just not enough data to make such strong claims. I think the paper could easily make recommendations, it could say that at least in some cases (as evidenced) Rust could be a reasonable choice, and it could make an argument for further work.

bArray··on Embedded Rust or C firmware? Lessons from an industrial microcontroller use case
I think you miss my point. I don't think that this conclusion can be reached with the (singular) experiments performed because there is a lack of data to draw it.

If I ran an experiment where I gave a cancer patient bread, and then they recovered from cancer, I couldn't then say: "It is concluded that <bread> is a sound choice today for <cancer treatment> in this domain.". You would rightfully jump up and down and demand further experiments to increase the confidence of the result before drawing the conclusion.

It could have been concluded instead that there is a case for further experiments to be conducted, or that Rust could be approaching a maturity where it could be considered for some firmware projects. But as it stands, the conclusion is far too strong given the experiments performed.

bArray··on Embedded Rust or C firmware? Lessons from an industrial microcontroller use case
> It is concluded that Rust is a sound choice today for firmware development in this domain.

This conclusion was reached with a single experiment.

> Two teams concurrently developing the same functionality — one in C, one in Rust — are analyzed over a period of several months.

> Furthermore, Ariel OS is shown to provide an efficient and portable system runtime in Rust whose footprint is smaller than that of the state-of-the-art bare-metal C stack traditionally used in this context.

> The authors thank Davide Aliprandi and Davide Sergi of the STAIoTCraft team, and the wider Ariel OS team.

So one team had Ariel OS developer support, and it's unclear what support the other team had. Seems fair.

In Figure 12, they simply stop optimizing the code once desired rate is reached. Just at the end of the project the Rust firmware gets over a third performance boost, most likely from their OS developers.

Additionally, there is a claim that "Ariel OS is shown to provide an efficient and portable system runtime" - but there are no real tests for portability are conducted. Worst still:

> Where C-based projects require a separate project setup and manual code copying per target, Rust on Ariel OS consolidates everything within a single project [..]

This claim is just not true. This sounds like somebody that is not as familiar with C.

bArray··on Industrial design files for Keychron keyboards and mice
I almost purchased a mechanical keyboard (with the wrong layout) from a Bic Camera [1] just because they offered in-store access to the keyboards.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bic_Camera

bArray··on Old laptops in a colo as low cost servers
> Your laptop should be fully functional with a working power supply and either an ethernet port or USB port for connectivity. Age isn't a factor. We might modify your laptop to remove or power down the battery, wireless radios, etc. to ensure it can be used safely in the data center.

So they're going to open the laptop up and make hardware modifications to random laptops sent in? May as well have a VPS at that point.

A far better business offering would have been to offer pre-selected physical devices where such things are well known.

bArray··on Show HN: A (marginally) useful x86-64 ELF executable in 301 bytes
I had a similar problem for a Thinkpad, except there is more than one cell at different capacities that are switched between. The existing battery manager would not tell me which battery was actually being used, and whether there was still a secondary battery waiting to be discharged.

I wrote a very quick hacky program for X11 that stays always visible that will display the information for any number of batteries: https://gitlab.com/danbarry16/bat_mon

It ends up being 50kB with minimal optimization and sports a lightweight X11 library (GUI) and JSON parser (configuration).

bArray··on A nearly perfect USB cable tester
What I'm looking for is a differential signal tester, where you can breakout any arbitrary cable or traces and test the properties of the wire with different frequencies. It should be able to measure interesting properties such as resistance, capacitance, inductance, phase/length difference, wire length, etc.

One of these devices for approximately $100 would sell all day long.

bArray··on Baochip-1x: What it is, why I'm doing it now and how it came about
So a little out of the budget of a hobbyist!

Is there a service to get on a FOUP with a group of people? I know for example of Tiny Tape Out [1], but I'm wondering where you might explore for larger designs.

[1] https://tinytapeout.com/

bArray··on Baochip-1x: What it is, why I'm doing it now and how it came about
> Those with a bit of silicon savvy would note that it’s not cheap to produce such a chip, yet, I have not raised a dollar of venture capital. I’m also not independently wealthy. So how is this possible?

What kind of order of magnitude of cost are we talking about?

What are the next steps - is there some service to cut the wafer and put into a package for you?

bArray··on US private credit defaults hit record 9.2% in 2025, Fitch says
https://web.archive.org/web/20260312130613/https://www.marke...

^ Encase the link also responds with this for you:

    Access Denied

    You don't have permission to access "http://www.marketscreener.com/news/us-private-credit-defaults-hit-record-9-2-in-2025-fitch-says-ce7e5fd8df8fff2d" on this server.
bArray··on PCB devboard the size of a USB-C plug
Exactly this. You calm down, take a cup of coffee, marvel at your beautiful design, and then spot something out of place. The actual review has saved me a few times too, for example: "are you sure there are no copper layers in your PCB design?" - Doh! A few times they have raised issues regarding the limitations of their manufacturing capabilities, and this too has saved time and cost.
bArray··on Revealed: UK's multibillion AI drive is built on 'phantom investments'
To build a Gigawatt AI data center in 2025 is reported to cost $35bn [1]. If you're not going to build it to top specs, why even bother. Given that this is the UK, once all the bureaucracy is done, it'll be at least 50% more expensive.

A large business is estimated to use 50MWh at £14,706 a year [2]. It'll cost in excess of £300k per year just to run electricity, not that the grid has that in spare capacity [3]. It's completely in contrast to their green energy campaign.

Then, they don't even have any kind of contract actually in place:

> Asked about the terms of the contract that Nscale had signed to build the supercomputer by the end of this year, the government did not reply directly. Instead, it said that Nscale’s entire $2.5bn investment was “not a formal contract, rather an intention to commit capital”, and “may well include equipment and capital funding”.

There's not enough serious capital invested to get this off of the ground (or even to break ground seemingly). And then there are basic questions, like:

1. Why would build a data center that is supposed to create tonnes of jobs, in a location where it costs a lot to employ people?

2. Why would you outsource your data center if you live in the US or EU, when there are better options available locally? These data centers sure as hell won't be used by British companies because the government are crushing them with tax.

3. The energy cost is far too high compared to locations with nuclear or hydro electricity generation.

This whole thing stinks. I think it's a complete and utter lie.

[1] https://uk.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/how-much-doe...

[2] https://www.moneysupermarket.com/gas-and-electricity/busines...

[3] https://watt-logic.com/2025/01/09/blackouts-near-miss-in-tig...

bArray··on Ask HN: What Are You Working On? (March 2026)
Yesterday - The start (rendering) of a basic voxel editor for generating OBJ and STL files with just the keyboard. To solve 95% of my 3D modelling needs it turns out I likely just need cubes.

Today - Parsing a website's HTML (lots of pages, lots of links) to update an RSS feed that accepts filters. Rather than manually checking a website and losing track of what I have or haven't reviewed, the idea is to feed it into an RSS aggregator.

bArray··on We Stopped Using the Mathematics That Works
> A Bayesian decision-theoretic agent needs explicit utility functions, cost models, prior distributions, and a formal description of the action space. Every assumption must be stated. Every trade-off must be quantified. This is intellectually honest and practically gruelling. Getting the utility function wrong doesn’t just give you a bad answer; it gives you a confidently optimal answer to the wrong question.

I was talking somebody through Bayesian updates the other day. The problem is that if you mess up any part of it, in any way, then the result can be completely garbage. Meanwhile, if you throw some neural network at the problem, it can much better handle noise.

> Deep learning’s convenience advantage is the same phenomenon at larger scale. Why specify a prior when you can train on a million examples? Why model uncertainty when you can just make the network bigger? The answers to these questions are good answers, but they require you to care about things the market doesn’t always reward.

The answer seems simple to me - sometimes getting an answer is not enough, and you need to understand how an answer was reached. In the age of hallucinations, one can appreciate approaches where hallucinations are impossible.

bArray··on PCB devboard the size of a USB-C plug
It was either PCBWay or JLCPCB, but they had a "review window" where it was possible to make changes or cancel an order. They recently switched this to be an automated review, so there was no opportunity for corrections. It could be that the card companies blacklisted them after people started cancelling orders with their credit cards, because their UI stopped supporting the feature.
bArray··on 10% of Firefox crashes are caused by bitflips
> In the last week we received ~470000 crash reports, these do not represent all crashes because it's an opt-in system, the real number of crashes will be several times larger.

470k crashes in a single week, and this is under-reported! I bet the number of crashes is far higher. My snap Firefox on Ubuntu would lock-up, forcing me to kill it from the system monitor, and this was never reported as a crash.

Once upon a time I wrote software for safety critical systems in C/C++, where the code was deployed and expected to work for 10 years (or more) and interact with systems not built yet. Our system could lose power at any time (no battery) and we would have at best 1ms warning.

Even if Firefox moves to Rust, it will not resolve these issues. 5% of their crashes could be coming from resource exhaustion, likely mostly RAM - why is this not being checked prior to allocation? 5% of their crashes could be resolved tomorrow if they just checked how much RAM was available prior to trying to allocate it. That accounts for ~23k crashes a week. Madness.

With the RAM shortages and 8GB looking like it will remain the entry laptop norm, we need to start thinking more carefully about how software is developed.

bArray··on I'm reluctant to verify my identity or age for any online services
That was kind of the point.
bArray··on I'm reluctant to verify my identity or age for any online services
> That all random game and messaging sites now wants my kids' passport uploaded to some random 'id verification company' is madness.

This is truly crazy. Random companies interacting on this level with children is far from ideal.

> Please, gov.uk introduce a gov ID verification service? I could trust that, -ish, I have worked with public sector clients several times...

I don't like the idea of governments collecting this sort of data either.

bArray··on I'm reluctant to verify my identity or age for any online services
I was sitting in a room the other day with a young adult, we were searching for additional algorithm learning materials. They searched in Google, and accept the cookies. They clicked on a website, and accepted those cookies too. They then started entering their email address to access another service. I was completely taken aback.

I'm the sort of person that either rejects the cookies, or will use another site entirely to avoid some weird dark-pattern cookie trickery. I don't like the idea of any particular service getting more information than they should.

Siting there I realized, we were not the real target. It is the young people that are growing up conditioned to press accept, enter any details asked of them, and to not value their personal data. Sadly, the damage is already done.

bArray··on Ghostty – Terminal Emulator
For anyone using this terminal that hates != (and others) being turned into a single character, I have the following to turn off ligatures:

    font-feature = -dlig
    font-feature = -liga
    font-feature = -calt
This can be updated in `$HOME/.config/ghostty/config`.
bArray··on An autopsy of AI-generated 3D slop
Does anybody know of a 3D generation model that can be run locally? I would be very interested to try this. There's quite a few models out there [1] and (to me) it is unclear which is the most suitable and in what scenario.

[1] https://huggingface.co/models?pipeline_tag=image-to-3d

bArray··on How far back in time can you understand English?
I can read back to 1500, but 1400 reads like a different language. To be fair this quite remarkable, given:

> Before the mid 1700s, there was no such thing as standardized spelling.

It felt like it was become more Germanic, and that appears true:

> The farther back you go, the more the familiar Latinate layer of English is stripped away, revealing the Germanic core underneath: a language that looks to modern eyes more like German or Icelandic than anything we’d call English.

bArray··on UK to force social media to remove abusive pics in 48 hours
> The UK is bracketing "intimate images shared without a victim's consent" along with terror and child sexual abuse material, and demanding that online platforms remove them within two days.

Bare in mind, this would have been used to stop the Epstein images of the former Prince Andrew from being viewed [1].

> Platforms that do not do so would potentially face fines of 10 percent of "qualifying worldwide income" or have their services blocked in the UK.

Why on earth would it be 10% of their world wide income and not their UK-based income? These politicians really think they have more power than they really do.

> The amendment follows outrage over the Elon Musk-owned chatbot Grok's willingness to generate nude or sexualized images of people, mainly women and girls, which forced a climbdown earlier this year.

The AI didn't just randomly generate NSFW content, it did it at the request of the user. Remember, there was no interest in removing the CP content from Twitter prior to Musk buying it, and then they all moved to Mastodon / BlueSky where they now share that content.

> The government said: "Plans are currently being considered by Ofcom for these kinds of images to be treated with the same severity as child sexual abuse and terrorism content, digitally marking them so that any time someone tries to repost them, they will be automatically taken down."

Ofcom simply doesn't have this kind of power. 4chan are showing as much [2]. This is simply massive overreach by the UK government, and I would advise tech giants to stop complying.

[1] https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4g5490xmkeo

[2] https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cz6ejedj59no

bArray··on Implementing Auto Tiling with Just 5 Tiles
https://web.archive.org/web/20260213135614/https://www.kyled...

Seems to be getting the hug of death.

bArray··on Converting a $3.88 analog clock from Walmart into a ESP8266-based Wi-Fi clock
No worries. You would be right to be concerned about an NTP server being polled so regularly.
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