maxnoe

That's exactly the kind of detector that observed this event. It's been done. Multiple observatories exist that have effective observation areas of hundreds to thousands of square kilometers. Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina is more than 3000 km²

We have instrumented much, much more area than a square km.

The largest instrument to observe cosmic rays is the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina, which has detectors placed on an area of over 3000 km².

Mass is of a single particle is extremely small (proton has a mass of 1.6e-27 kg), speed is very high and already very close to the speed of light at all but the lowest energies, so gravity "assists" are not really anything with which you can gain energy.

These are charged particles (protons and fully ionized heavier nuclei), so electromagnetism is a much more efficient way to reach high energies.

All currently proposed mechanisms for cosmic ray acceleration involve turbulent plasmas and shock fronts that reflect particles magnetically, giving them a small bump in energy each time [1] or rotating magnetic fields [2] in sufficiently extreme environments.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_acceleration

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_acceleration_(astr...

Gravity just doesn't play a direct role for accelerating charged particles, it's much too weak compared to the electromagnetic force for a charged particle.

It's relatively easy to detect cosmic rays if you are happy with secondary muons that are produced in the atmosphere when a high energy cosmic ray is absorbed.

Detectors are relatively cheap and come out of the box for citizen science projects, this project is relatively well known: http://www.cosmicwatch.lns.mit.edu/

For high energy cosmic rays, you need to observe many of these secondary particles that are produced during the absorption with high temporal resolution, few nanoseconds, to be able to tell anything about their properties.

There are essentially five or so detection principles for measuring cosmic rays at the ground, and many observatories combine multiple techniques.

First, you can observe the secondary particles that reach the ground, mainly muons and electrons. This is possible either using water tanks with photosensors inside detecting Cherenkov light or using scintillators like in the project I linked above.

Then you can also detect very short and faint light that is also emitted in the air shower. This also comes in two variants: Cherenkov light is emitted in a cone around the charged particles and results in a "light pool" of roughly 250m diameter on the ground. Fluorescence light is emitted in all directions. We build optical telescopes with extremely fast and sensitive cameras to detect Cherenkov or fluorescence light.

Last, there is also radio emission from air showers, you can detect with antennas.

Auger in Argentina combines water tanks, scintillators and fluorescence telescopes and is investigating adding in radio antennas.

Telescope Array, the experiment which measured this event here, is using scintillators and fluorescence telescopes.

Gravity has nothing (directly) to do with acceleration of cosmic rays. You need vert strong magnetic or electric fields, preferably in shock fronts.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_acceleration

Directly, I say, because the objects that are extreme enough to produce such environments are indeed essentially fueled by gravitation energy: supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies, super nova explosions, colliding neutron stars, ...

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-modern-adaption-of-the...

Since this comes from a physics context, it's most likely talking about the white rabbit implementation of ptp, which is open source and open hardware:

https://white-rabbit.web.cern.ch/

Iceland still mostly uses "<name of father>{son,dottir}" last names.

Nothing about humor, just a father calling his son similar to himself.

Seems his full name is Þorvaldur Þórðarson.

> The GAU-8 Avenger fires up to sixty one-pound bullets a second. It produces almost five tons of recoil force, which is crazy considering that it’s mounted in a type of plane (the A-10 “Warthog”) whose two engines produce only four tons of thrust each.

From: https://what-if.xkcd.com/21/

Don't quote capacity. It is the correct tern, physically. Capacity is the amount of electrical charge something can store, Ah is unit of that. Not the natural unit though, that would be Coulomb (C).

Why use Charge and not energy? Because the voltage changes as the battery is discharging, so it's not as straight forward as just multiplying with the voltage.

Can it say "He pocketeteted it"?

Give "Salt Fat Acid Heat" a try (the book, not the netflix show)

Statements like these without discussing the language standard most of the Software you have uses is kind of pointless.

I guess most of the legacy code for which they do this risk assessment is Fortran 77. Not any more modern.

And getting it up to date to modern fortran would be as much effort as any other modern language.

The standard model *is a Quantum field theory". Making a Standard Model vs. QFT thua statement doesn't make sense.

The problem is the lack of an analytical solution and the different systematic errors that come from different numerical approaches and assumptions made.

According to the article, there are multiple standard model theory predictions using different approaches which are in tension.

Side note: distutils is deprecated and will be removed in 3.12.

In this case, setuptools is a drop in replacement.

The wiki article has this line:

> Group at the University of Sheffield estimated that the explosion was one of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions ever recorded

Presumably, they forgot the "ever recorded" part.

IIRC, optparse was going to be be removed in 3.5(?) but outcry was large .

It has a depreciation warning in the docs since 3.2.

It was in the "please just use argparse instead" state for a long time, this "just" adds an actual code warning.

And then you cook the pudding for buttercream with half the amount of milk compared to the pudding instructions and tada, it really is a pastry cream using convenience pudding pulver.

1 scaled point is 5.36 nm, nano, not micro

https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=1+inch+%2F+72+%2F+2%5E1...

Just to point out: this doesn't work since at the point where it defines the new print function, the new len which now prints is used

Missed opportunity to introduce the term Keming

No, the German clearly states the 210k works as the number of those being in the public domain.

It's the avoirdupois ounce (exactly 28.349523125 g) for everything but precious metals, where the Troy ounce is used (exactly 31.1034768 g).

Also pythia: https://www.pythia.org/

A high energy physics simulation library

It also happens in the japanese calendar, since the year changes when a new emperor ascends the throne and that might not happen on a first of a month

Open access publications in RAS Journals are licensed CC By, CC By NC or CC By NC ND depending on author choice and the specific journal. But as far as I can tell it's always a CC license.

Gluons are what holds protons together

This is about removing support from applications creating PDF files (InDesign, Acrobat, ...).

From the article:

> Keep in mind that older PDFs created with Type 1 fonts are safe—as long as their font data was embedded in the PDF when it was made. PDF readers, whether from Adobe or elsewhere, will continue to render these documents as they always have.

Please don't recommended right layout anymore. There is a new, much better layouting engine since a few release you can get with `layout="constrained"`

He gave it also in English:

https://youtu.be/c0O6UXrOZJo