In theory yes, in practice it's not that simple.
You still need to be able to produce enough launchers, missiles, and train enough crew to saturate the air defense systems of a carrier group to be effective.
Yes it can be done, but it's just as easily can be countered through asymmetric means by the US the only thing they'll have to do is to change their doctrine.
SAM's were considered the end of air combat as well initially, in 1973 SAM's pretty much devastated the Israeli air-force, the US learned from that experience and developed made quite a bit of changes to their 'Wild Weasel' doctrine which allowed them to routinely destroy soviet SAM's in Vietnam from 1975 onwards.
The Israelis then took that and improved upon and 1982 destroyed all of Syria's SAM sites in a single day of what then was the most advanced Soviet SAM installations in the world outside of Russia by using drones as the lead target aircraft instead of an F4E phantom with jamming equipment and covering the sky with anti radiation missiles as soon the drones got painted.
Today you have solutions like these https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0acJ3xyhaJo that build on top of that and bring it to the next level.
Combat isn't a static game of RPS, if China has carrier killing missiles then the 1st shot in the war will be to take those out, using, drones, submarine launched guided missiles, electronic warfare or what ever else will be developed to combat that threat. Once the threat has been reduced to a level which allows the carrier strike group to operate it will be put into action, yes not all missiles might be destroyed but any residual threats will be dealt with by the air defense systems of the carrier and it's supporting vessels.
Now again this isn't claiming that this gives a US carrier group some super immunity, fucks up can still happen, but if your doctrine is set up correctly it's not going to be a case well gosh they've made some carrier killers now we can't use our carrier anymore.