The CP is discussing basically prototypes/schemas (essentially; schemas are debunked now but they're useful for understanding by analogy how connectionist cognitive models work); I don't know of any pop science books ala Thinking Fast and Slow about this topic but it's not hard to research. I would start with schema theory and other derived memory representations, the TRACE word recognition model, semantic networks, and neural networks.

PsychInfo is probably the best database for this, if you can't get access to it I'd recommend using google scholar and libgen.