I know a couple of neurosurgeons who basically don't practice outside of federal/military facilities, and are covered by the Federal Tort Claim Act [0].

The salary is significantly less than a private practice neurosurgeon, but they don't have malpractice insurance or support staff costs.

In under-served and rural locations there are community clinics, also known as Federally Qualified Health Centers, and as part of the package, student loan repayment by the US government for the doctors. These doctors are usually civilian, and not in uniform (US Military or PHSCC). The repayment program is part of the National Health Service Corps[3].

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Tort_Claims_Act

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Qualified_Health_Cen...

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service_Corps