Good headphones for such a setup are tightly closed, DJ-style ones. They isolate you from outside noise, so you can listen to e.g. quietly playing piano pieces (don't like Schubert? try Rick Wakeman) and concentrate.

Prolonged exposure to unhealthy volume levels makes you go deaf.

FTFY

Simply taking headphones out of the box they came in doesn't make you go deaf.

It's not headphones, it's loudness. Just don't crank the volume on your headphones and you'll be fine.