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It's basically the story of laying the FLAG cable with heavy digressions. The wikipedia page is enough if you want just the facts (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-Optic_Link_Around_the_Gl...)

TLDR: The internet is a series of tubes.

But the essential points aren't the point,in that case you're better off going to an encyclopedia. There's a place for long form content that can't be summarized to a lazy TLDR.