1.Pay off the loan holders (by printing money, huge inflation) 2.Allowing indentured servitude 3.Debt forgiveness (now all the lenders are out of money)
Sadly, I think the 3rd option is the best one, but is by no means actually a good one.
The federal government is the overwhelmingly dominant player and they set the terms by fiat rather than any kind of market.
The “lenders” are the USG, and the cost of capital is only the imputed inflationary effect of transforming a loan into spending. Given the experience of the last decade those inflationary pressures may well be smaller than we had thought.
If you assume student loans are a bubble: the long-term earnings potential of students is being bid up (and will collapse, leaving the government with lower worth/worthless assets.)
If college students are defaulting on their student loans en masse that means we’re in a recession. Recessions are deflationary. Monetising the debt would just take the place of central bank bond buying, except in a more egalitarian way.