- fully or partially paper-based processes
- digital systems that can't easily exchange data with one another
It always makes me want to cry when I sees systems where due to the lack of a proper interface between software components the API between these components essentially can be described as "Print it out on paper and hand it to someone else to type it into another software."
You don't need machine learning for that. You need APIs and first and foremost you need people to talk to each other and agree upon joint requirements for different components and the system as a whole.