The hockey goalie is an interesting role because it is a very specialized skill relative to the other players, and typically done by the same person for most of a season, with a backup that plays maybe 10-25% of games.

I think the closest thing would be a pitcher in baseball, but even there, it's hard to imagine an injury scenario that would result in an amateur being put in, because there are so many relief pitchers, and others not in rotation that could sub in.