Named variables require the creation of, well, names. Naming things is one of the few hard problems in computer science, and at the extreme ends is single-letter variable names, or variables_that_are_short_phrases, which are annoying to use.
Several languages have usage I'd consider "pronoun-like". Perl has $_ and Bash has $?. Unfortunately, "$?" doesn't exactly roll off the tongue, and there's some truth to criticisms of Perl readability. That may be related to the the quantity of the that it supports though.
self in various languages supporting OO is a fairly common example of what I'd consider good pronoun-like usage - if I'm inside a method that belongs to a class, what self refers to is accessible and largely unambiguous.