degrees of citizenship has always been a thing, but you're correct that it's an evolution of the carceral state, and by extension capitalism
In communist states, you get degrees of citizenship. For example, are you a party member or not?
points like this read like pure lickspittle to me when considering the many varied forms of communal life that had to be exterminated through massive amounts of violence in order to establish a basis of capital.
What mattered much more, was: are you related to a high-ranking party member or not?
But you're correct that family relations played a big role, the nepotism was rampant.