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How does WebAssembly fix hardware issues? For example, take Rowhammer. I don't see how running your code in a VM fixes Rowhammer; surely there would still be some mapping of data in wasm to RAM, and I don't see why a sufficiently motivated individual couldn't determine and subsequently exploit that mapping.

Or what does WASM do about the concerns that major CPU vendors embed a second co-processor running untrusted, unauditable code with ring -1 access alongside the main CPU?¹

¹which may or may not be active, depending on CPU model and configuration. I've never really fully understood when it is, or isn't, but I think it's somewhat moot.

Further, this assumes the runtime (which is not just the WASM runtime: system calls and other functionality will inevitably need access to the actual, underlying hardware in order to do their job) from being buggy, and since the code is now in ring 0, you get all the consequences of that. (Full, unrestricted access to everything. At least previously, you'd need to find some root exploit to get that.)

(Also, as another poster hints below, since everything is running inside the same protection layer from the CPU's point of view, what prevents you from just running the same attack, in spirit, as Spectre? Only now, there is no protection — everything is ring 0 — so the CPU is "correct" to speculate a read. Sure, the VM will deny it to the code inside the VM, but that didn't matter in the case of Spectre?)

> since the code is now in ring 0, you get all the consequences of that

No you don't. Because WASM does not provide many of the facilities that real assembly provides. So, for instance, there is no way to stack-smash using WASM instructions, regardless of the any security problems in the code itself, or even outright malicious code. It just can't do it.

More generally for VMs, there are secure VMs which provide a mathematical proof that the code will, for instance, observe memory safety. Such a proof is much better than ring-level protection, because :

1) You can verify the proof. Good luck verifying the hardware implementation of ring-level security in processors

2) It doesn't take any resources at runtime

3) the proof can be verified at code load time, so insecure code (accidentally insecure or otherwise) just doesn't start executing, ever

4) It doesn't allow for manufacturers to hide "secure coprocessors" or any other bullshit like that

RowHammer most certainly works in a VM:

https://github.com/IAIK/rowhammerjs

> I'm not sure why linking third party code is a concern, it all must live inside the sandbox provided by the runtime.

Some runtime stuff implements operations not expressible in JS, and not permitted in the sandbox. You may not want that code in the kernel. Anyway, if random kernel functions can be called from the sandbox, it would be easy to misuse them. Untrusted input might trick code into misusing them from in the sandbox, via nominally valid operations.

Does webasm protect against integer overflow, or unaccounted unsigned wraparound? Not all exploitable bugs are pointer violations.

> "it all must live inside the sandbox provided by the runtime."

Processes with a strong user model are already one of the most effective isolation mechanisms in an operating system. Continually hardening your VM/runtime that was ported into the kernel, in my opinion, either results in either you building a microkernel or recreating the userspace/kernel separation that already exists?

Parent comment refers to running buggy code in ring 0, however in a design like wasmjit, that code would be compiled first to wasm, and the actual code running in-kernel is a derivation that includes bounds checking on at least memory operations. The original code never "runs" in ring 0, what runs is a derivation that includes a software equivalent of the hardware isolation we're used to and have relied on for the past 20 years.

While I haven't studied wasmjit, the most obvious implementation is to run system calls naturally, with a global "struct task" existing as before that defines the semantics of the current context, including details like the current UID and capability mask - in other words, without effort, read() and open() could be made to behave identically to before, it's just that the caller now lives in a software sandbox rather than a hardware sandbox, and most/all expensive hardware reconfiguration was avoided

I read through it and this is indeed how it works. Wasm as a language provides the restrictions that the MMU provides for machine code. You can't read from/write to arbitrary pointers in wasm.

WASM does not do bounds checking on pointer data.

It does

It does not, something like

    char buff[100];

    char func(int idx) {
      char *ptr = buff;
      return ptr[idx];
    }

    int main (void) {
      printf("%c", func(200));
      return 0;
    }

Compiles nicely to something like this

    (module
     (type $FUNCSIG$ii (func (param i32) (result i32)))
     (import "env" "putchar" (func $putchar (param i32) (result i32)))
     (table 0 anyfunc)
     (memory $0 1)
     (export "memory" (memory $0))
     (export "func" (func $func))
     (export "main" (func $main))
     (func $func (; 1 ;) (param $0 i32) (result i32)
      (i32.load8_s
       (i32.add
        (get_local $0)
        (i32.const 16)
       )
      )
     )
     (func $main (; 2 ;) (result i32)
      (drop
       (call $putchar
        (i32.load8_s offset=216
         (i32.const 0)
        )
       )
      )
      (i32.const 0)
     )
    )

Which will gladly blow up, or not, when i32.load8_s gets called.

https://webassembly.studio/

The load8_s instruction will check that the computed offset into the memory of size 64KB (1 wasm page) does not index past the bounds of 64KB. If it does, the program will trap.

Which will not work on the provided example, thus leading to memory corruption.

Where is the WebAssembly implementation that traps on my example?

WebAssembly protects the host from memory corruption by the user module. To do this it does a bounds check before executing the load. It does not protect a user module from itself. It does not change the semantics of C.

Relevant documentation http://webassembly.github.io/spec/core/syntax/instructions.h...

> It does not protect a user module from itself. It does not change the semantics of C.

Which is my whole point, WebAssembly does not protect memory corruption inside of the module code, which allows for security exploits anyway.

On my sample code if I expose func() to the host, and it gets called with 200 as parameter for a buffer size of 100 bytes, no trap will ocurr.

On a real use case that call might induce an internal memory corruption that will, for example, change the behavior of other functions exposed to the host.

If you wish I can provide an example how to do that, which you can try out in your favorite spec compliant Web Assembly implementation.

Current WASM spec is a MVP. There will be other ways to expose functionality to the host that should be safer. See future proposals. Your points are valid though.

How is this relevant to wasmjit? User space programs written in C can already corrupt themselves. As far as I can tell there is no new inherent risk to kernel stability by running wasm code in kernel space as long as the wasm spec is followed. Just like wasm programs aren't able to corrupt the browser sandbox in which they run.

The sandbox gives a false sense of security, because it opens a new attack vector.

Apparently you fail to understand how security exploits are taken.

For example, lets say I have an authentication module provided as WebAssembly, written in C.

The browser makes use of the said WebAssembly module to authenticate the user.

Now we make a cross site scripting attack that calls the WebAssembly functions in a sequence that triggers memory corruption inside of the module, thus influencing how the authentication functions work.

Afterwards the JavaScript functions that call those WebAssembly ones, might authenticate a bad user that would otherwise be denied access.

A contrived scenario that can be easily programmed in https://webassembly.studio/ .

I'm still not sure how this is relevant to wasmjit?

Your criticism is for another layer. If you don't like C, use Rust or Go. They also compile to wasm.