What should one study if you wanted to "get up to speed" with these types of models? Like which branches of statistics deals with this? It looks like you need to combine time-series with some kind of demand forecasting?

Say I wanted to do something like this to Widgets and adjust their prices over time, assuming I can collect data on how other people are pricing similar Widgets in the "market" (using this to estimate demand/supply), etc.

I'm just not sure what this type of field is called so I get get up to speed with state of the art.