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I remember doing this with some mind mapping tools that supported images and text, but it's been a while and I cannot remember which ones specifically. Kinda hacky and possibly crude compared to modern diagramming tools, but it was suitable for my purposes at the time.

You may want to check into those. I'm sure there are some newer versions that are more polished than those that I've used previously.

Most model based UML tools provide this feature. You can create diagrams that show the different component in detail as a white box. In another diagram where you show the interaction between the components, you can reuse your white box diagrams as a single blackbox component object. Clicking on the blackbox element takes you to the white box view of the element.

I second this and haven't found anything that really suits it. I would imagine something like a map view where zooming out would give you very few details of the landscape but zooming in would show you the details, especially those of interfaces.