How times change. Back in the day OpenGL had a paletted texture extension (EXT_paletted_textures), but nothing supports it anymore. I guess the extra indirection doesn't work well with GPU hw architectures?
So I'd imagine it's just that a) very few people care any more and b) if you do care, it's trivial to do it yourself with a dependent read in your fragment shader.
https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/Common_Mistakes#Paletted...