The idea of a link between CO2 and a greenhouse effect was expressed before that, by Claude Pouillet in 1838 (but maybe not published in a paper).

sources: https://jancovici.com/changement-climatique/croire-les-scien... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect

"1838: Claude Pouillet, a French physicist, attributes the natural greenhouse effect to water vapor and carbon dioxide. He concludes that any change in the amount of water vapor, such as CO2, is expected to result in climate change." (google translate).

edit: I think it was this paper https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k95017r/f1.image.r=Pou... but I have not checked (cannot Ctrl-F).