filesystems with redundant superblocks and journals? that is most modern ones I think
And adding to what guerrilla said, it seems to end up bad more easily than fat32, at least in my experience. I only have anecdata for this, but old files appearing as 0 bytes, filesystems that decide they won't mount again, things that I've only had and seen on other people's systems with exfat.
Most file systems use journaling[1], which allows you to recover from corruption. Some use copy-on-write[2]--most prominently zfs, but also btrfs and, more recently, bcachefs--which almost entirely prevents corruption in the first place.