It's been ~17 years since then, so I can't recall the options used, but seeing different results emerge when I used a higher optimization option caused an unanticipated puff of smoke from my little brain.
A possible moral of the story -- test every little change.
Then I went on to other things and realized that developers are experts in their domains, and those “obvious” things were only clear to someone steeped in the code — not obvious at all. In fact some of them are no longer obvious to me any more after decades doing other things. Hopefully I’ve become at least slightly less arrogant and thoughtless by now.
Yes, this can trip up even quite knowledgeable people as with the fp post from Lemire the other day — he thought gcc was making a mistake, but it was doing the correct thing.
But there are plenty of others, for example telling the compiler not to worry about aliasing. I might use this on certain modules or individual files which were carefully written for this.
Or asking for more aggressive loop unrolling Which could increase code size but improve performance (or not!).
99.9% the defaults are fine.
> The accuracy of the floating-point operations (+, -, <star>, /) and of the library functions in <math.h> and <complex.h> that return floating-point results is implementation-defined, as is the accuracy of the conversion between floating-point internal representations and string representations performed by the library functions in <stdio.h>, <stdlib.h>, and <wchar.h>. The implementation may state that the accuracy is unknown.
There was an article recently talking about the bizarre rounding that happens when the x86 FPU registers get involved. You get one rounding for operations occurring in the register (which is 80-bits wide) and another if you get kicked out of the register and into RAM (which is only 64-bits wide, for doubles).
The initial C++ code predated std::log10 so it was implemented using a change of base, i.e. log(value)/log(10). When this was translated into Javascript, it was as Math.log(value) / Math.log(10) which rounds to 64 bits each step of the way. In this particular calculation, this caused error to build up over time.
Replacing the C++ code with std::log10 translated into Javascript as Math.log10 and since the browsers natively implemented that, the values would stay in registers and only round once.