Go? The standard library has all relevant web-related features covered, but it's not a framework that forces you to organize your code in a certain way...

I guess anyhting that can read environment variables and write to stdout. :)

ASP (the original version) and JSP are probably what you're looking for, although they're probably worse overall for this kind of thing compared to PHP.

Now, most of the application servers that implement JSP will implement at least a big chunk of some version of Java EE, but you don't really have to use most of it.