https://www.levels.fyi/ has a breakdown for some of the largest companies but I typically think of it as:
Eng -> Senior -> Staff -> Principal -> Distinguished
with my simple explanation being:
Eng - Able to contribute to the team
Senior - Expert on the team
Staff - Expert in your organization
Principal - Expert in your domain
Distinguished - ?? - Seems to be that you damn near created your domain. I only see these at the largest companies and a lot of times it's folks that have created popular programming languages or frameworks that the company themselves use.