They are inalienable and bestowed by their Creator. I.e. they are part of the innate nature of human beings.
Governments can either protect those rights or abrogate them - it cannot invent them.
And yes, they stretch back to when humans became human. Though it took a while for people to formally recognize them.
"Bestowed by their Creator" starts leaning very heavily on a specific religion's doctrines, and given that there is no religion which is universally adhered to by all persons, dominant in all nations, or indeed acknowleging that "no religion" is the belief of a substantial portion of the population, then regardless of the legacy of the phrase, it's not especially useful in discussion and to me seems to obscure more than it reveals.
Could you choose an alternate phrasing?
I'll give you three: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.
Death is also part of our innate nature, but you did not mention that one.
Bushido (or the form of it on Wikipedia) has a fairly different and also interesting set.
Anton LaVey (Church of Satan) has an interesting, albeit stereotypically American, eleven.
The philosophers in this list seem to focus on commandments of rationality more than morality, but that’s not something I find hugely surprising: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_the_Ten_Comman...
These are not rights.
As the only person left in the universe (after some cataclysm), you'd be left with obligations but no rights. The obligations would include those that arise from within yourself to prevail and try to survive as best you can. Rights? Well, who would be granting those? The innate bit refers to obligations but not rights.
But they don't. Not even close. Something is fundamentally wrong with communist societies.