They measure (estimate, really) based on how many wallets/address exist on the blockchain.
Another way I estimate usage/adoption is looking at Google Trends and comparing it against something I can use as a baseline (in my case "reddit"), right now Bitcoin averages around ~30-40% of search query volume compared to reddit [1] (and even more if you look at worldwide queries) which is obviously not perfect comparison, but is an interesting datapoint.
1: https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=today%205-y&ge...