You're not throwing the ball high enough in a car that the difference in radius from the center of the Earth makes a difference that you can detect.

For objects above the earth's surface, the radius of the 'orbit' around the center of earth increases, and thus the 'forward' component of the velocity has to increase in order to stay over the same point on the earth. If you shoot something high enough straight up, it will land to the West of the point it was launched from. (This does ignore effects of wind and such, but I believe so did your argument).

It's nothing like throwing a ball up from a running car. Look up the physics of rotating reference frames. I'm sure others can explain it better than I can.