It looks like you didn't even try it. In order to do what the GP described, when your bank calls you, you say nothing and answer nothing. You hang up and call back on a number you know.
> Calling back was also impossible since apparently there was no way to get connecter back to the person with whom I was speaking.
You don't have to. You just ask the bank when you call them back: did someone just call me a little bit ago? What about?
If the bank can't answer that question, it's time to find another bank. Any reputable bank will be able to look at your file and see that a call was made to you and what the issue was.
> The next time they called, they didn't ask for the security questions anymore and just got to the point immediately. They have never asked for it since.
This does not look like success to me. It looks like failure. What your bank should be doing is sending you a message via some known channel--like the message center on their website, where you can see messages for you when you log in--telling you that there is an issue that you need to call them about. If you're giving information to someone who calls you out of the blue and says they're from your bank, you're setting yourself up to be scammed.