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Blockchain is the trendy name, you don't need another one.

Also, in your examples - program/application/app is a rename; mainframe/server/cloud refer to related but distinct concepts, it's not just a rename.

Fair enough, there may be a distinction between renames and differentiating between distinct concepts.

Network Attached Storage became Cloud Storage, The internet became the net and now is the cloud?

I think you're reaching too much trying to find some overarching patterns. The internet is distinctly not the cloud.

The cloud would be the totality of devices connected via the Internet? Hence the prefix "Inter"?

or the cloud would be the devices AND the connections?

It's currently trendy, but no trend lasts forever, it will eventually get renamed to something that flows off the tongue more easily.