People usualy have bank accounts with debit cards, but often using schemes like maestro or v-pay, which are great for in-person payments and have lower fees than VISA or MasterCard, but don't have a credit card number and can't be used in online purchases.

Traditionally banks charge about $20/year extra for an actual VISA/MasterCard debit or credit card, though this has started to change. And of course the speed of change varies wildly by country, in some debit/credit cards are already widespread, in others not so much.

The former. It's pretty well established to have just a debit card that for does almost everything a credit card can do. I think in most EU you can get a similar set-up.

Visa and Mastercard debit. Google it. Welcome to 2023

Yes, debit card is the norm. Germany quite early had the EC/Giro card system as a default feature for any bank account. (Nowadays Maestro owned by MasterCard) Which was cheap and quick. Back in the 90ties credit cards were rare and only used by people travelling to U.S. or other specific needs.

But I think credit cards are way more spread these days and many banks leave the old system.

I also have virtual debit card only and making all my online payments with it. My bank had a phase cca 5 years ago when they were offering credit cards to people, but they stopped completely as they weren't able to tell people why they should be using credit cards instead of debit cards - from end user perspective in EU, there is no difference between those two.

In EU, all people have a debit card. Only few have a credit card too.