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Code points are what you care about when you do any kind of text-based format encoding or decoding. Any of JSON, XML, HTML, YAML or whatever is defined by sequence of code points. There is no reason to complicate these with visual representation-specific concepts.

If you have to care about the visual representation of text then you probably need to be familiar with other concepts as well.

But, given the root ancestor of this comment, it’s worth clarifying that Python’s approach to strings doesn’t help at all with things like decoding JSON/XML/HTML/YAML; what Python gives you is random access by code point index, which you won’t ever need to use in such tasks.

I think parent means most correct of the three given examples from Rust, JS and Python.

Especially because the article says that Python's take is the worst.

Yes.

They are less of an implementation detail.

Grapheme > Code point > Encoding > Endianness > Media

It's all "implementations" but some are lower then others