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Monads are just one design pattern for handling state, and not the only way. It's no different than having an OOP using dependency injection everywhere - it's a design decision that you use only when it makes architectural sense.

A shell is not more imperative than a processor - both are Turing machines, a completely functional mathematical object. Seeing them as imperative is a semantic interpretation of the people watching it, not an inherent property.

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Functional languages have either converged on either just allowing mutable values or relying on Monads as the ways of handling state. I'm not aware of a third solution.

You can just use the classic temporal logic approach, where state is passed explicitly as a parameter and the new state is returned.

This is what state monads are doing anyway under a hidden syntax, and for simple cases it may be easier that building a full dedicated monad.

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