Nice benchmark script. With EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS), I see that

* normalized/join version needs to read 5600 pages

* normalized/join version with an additional UNIQUE INDEX .. INCLUDE (type) needs to read 4500 pages

* denormalized version only needs to read 66 pages, almost 100x fewer

Related to this pagination use case, when using mysql, even the denormalized version may take minutes: https://dom.as/2015/07/30/on-order-by-optimization/