Not just typically - on iOS, you cannot use them at all without iCloud enabled.
What apps support this?
>Note: To use passkeys, iOS 16, iPadOS 16, macOS 13, or tvOS 16 (or later) is required. iCloud Keychain and two-factor authentication must also be turned on.
https://support.apple.com/guide/iphone/use-passkeys-to-sign-...