Could you please expand on this last point? Would it not be the same in case of C++’s `const`s?
Obviously, good code should treat it as more than just a comment - using `const` correctly clarifies intent and makes it possible to stay sane as a C++ developer, but the abstract machine doesn't care.
In C++, you can basically always `const_cast` a `const T&` into a `T&` and then modify it without causing UB. A function that accepts a `const T&` is just pinky promising that it will be polite and probably not do that.
It is only UB if the underlying object is "actually const", and even then, it doesn't cause UB until you actually perform the mutation; creating the mutable reference itself is perfectly fine.
For example, the following is perfectly legal:
int& upgrade_to_mut(const int& x) {
return *const_cast<int*>(&x);
}
int x = 5;
const int& x_ref = x;
int& x_ref_mut = upgrade_to_mut(x_ref);
x_ref_mut = 6;
int& upgrade_to_mut(const int& x) {
return *const_cast<int*>(&x);
}
const int y = 5;
const int& y_ref = y;
int& y_ref_mut = upgrade_to_mut(y_ref); // it is actually legal to produce y_ref_mut, but we cannot modify it
y_ref_mut = 6; // this is UB: cannot modify a const object 'y'
In other words, "const" (in a global context) can tell the compiler "you don't have to copy this to RAM, just read it directly from non-volatile storage." Obviously, that would be undesirable on a desktop computer, but if you're dealing with a wee little microcontroller, it's very helpful.
Another good example is string literals (except when initializing a non-const `char[]` variable), which are often allocated in read-only data in the same way, since they are const objects too.
> Modifying a const object through a non-const access path and referring to a volatile object through a non-volatile glvalue results in undefined behavior.
and both compiler have tried to take advantage of this in the past.
int x; // not a const object, so can be freely modified
const int y; // is a const object, so cannot be modified
The reason for mentioning a "non-const access path" is that the type system forbids you from modifying through a const access path in the first place, so the program would already be rejected if you tried that.
I'm not saying it's a good idea to go around dropping const qualifications; `const_cast` is mostly evil and should be avoided. But at the level of the abstract machine, it's a no-op, even when going from const -> non-const, other than changing the type of the provided pointer.
The benefit of `const` is that if you don't use C-style casts that discard constness, and you don't use `const_cast`, and you don't use `mutable` or other type-unsafe or const-unsafe features, it's not possible to accidentally obtain a non-const pointer to a const object. Thus C++ actually helps you avoid this UB pretty well. But the fact that general conversion from const to non-const is permitted reduces the kinds of optimizations that can be performed.