They mean references cited in the metadata but not in the actual paper. So it’s “invisible” and can be gamed because some citation trackers rely on the metadata rather than having to parse the paper.
Is this different in other fields? Or in sketchy journals?
> For example, a single researcher who was associated with Technoscience Academy benefited from more than 3,000 additional illegitimate citations. Some journals from the same publisher benefited from a couple hundred additional sneaked citations.
Perhaps this publisher or others also offer this as some kind of backroom deal / service.
So Google Scholar uses the text which is good. Then obvious solution is to go and look up where it has been cited, which would be easy to do with google scholar.
I don't know why anyone would jeopardize their career like this.
Publish or perish.