A fully server-side solution will probably bypass most problem cases, but might solve some, so I hope CloudFlare looks into contributing to a distributed standard solution.
Google's SDCH (mentioned in CloudFlare's post) is an alternative that isn't tied to a single URL, but involves prefetching some data that may or may not be needed, so it's a bit hacky.
An interesting approach would be to hook into a template engine to generate a page skeleton with dictionary references. That would allow reordering the small, newly generated varying snippets before the large common ones; both could be preemptively pushed using SPDY to avoid round-trips.